img

Nicandra physalodes

(L.) Gaertn. (1791)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Nicandra

apple of peru

img

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Erect annual herbs up to 2 m tall, with intraxylary phloem, glabrous or sparsely pubescent.

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades narrowly to broadly ovate, 4–20 cm long, 2–10 cm wide. Apex acute to acuminate. Base cuneate to attenuate. Upper surfaces with sparse, short, inflated, eglandular hairs; lower surfaces glabrous or nearly so. Margins widely, irregularly, and shallowly dentate or subentire. Petioles 2–6 cm long, narrowly winged above. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in solitary flowers. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic, pedicels 1–2 cm long, recurved. Calyx pentagonal, deeply 5-lobed, lobes ovate, 1–2 cm long, apex acute to acuminate, base sagittate and often mucronate at basal tips, the lobes appressed along the margins to form longitudinal wings. Corolla actinomorphic, broadly campanulate, 5-lobed, pale blue or mauve with a blue spot on the paler base of each lobe, the lobes 1–2.5 cm long, 0.5–1.5 cm wide, margins entire, obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted at base of corolla, included; anthers dithecal. Ovary superior, irregularly 3–5-celled, placentation axile; ovules numerous; stigma capitate, 3–5-lobed; style 1, thick, erect, 3–6 mm long.

Fruit: Berries pale yellowish; dryish; globose; 1–2 cm in diameter; enclosed in the accrescent; scarious; reticulate calyx; splitting irregularly from base when ripe. Seeds numerous; subdiscoid to broadly reniform; 1.2–2.1 mm long; seed coat reticulate–foveolate; embryo curved around the endosperm.

Ploidy: 2n = 18–22

Habitat: Dry to mesic; disturbed habitats.

Elevation Range: 3–830 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

img

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 237 (1791)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1260 (K, O, Mo, M, H); Oppenheimer 2010:38 (L)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Nicandra physalodes waimea district, land of makaweli, in old russian fort PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & s. ishakawa 5685 Kauai US 2/25/1976
2 Nicandra physalodes honaunau PRESERVED_SPECIMEN a. s. hitchcock 14550 Hawaii US 9/3/1916
3 Nicandra physalodes Makawao District, near Kahului Airport, toward Kanaha Beach Park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W. L.; Imada, C. T.; Takeuchi, W. N. 5779 Maui US 3/3/1988
4 Nicandra physalodes near kahului airport PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oahu US
5 Nicandra physalodes Manoa Valley; fields PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Sideris, J. s.n. Oahu US 1/9/1932
6 Nicandra physalodes honolulu district, koko head, ihiihilauakea crater PRESERVED_SPECIMEN m. bruegmann 170 Oahu US 2/3/1985
7 Nicandra physalodes manoa valley; fields PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. sideris s.n. Oahu US 1/9/1932
8 Nicandra physalodes PRESERVED_SPECIMEN urbain jean faurie; b.1847; d.1915; faurie 870 US
9 Nicandra physalodes waimea district, russian fort elizabeth state historical park, waimea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN t. w. flynn, r. gustafson, k. wilson & k. warthen 3289 Kauai US 3/7/1989
10 Nicandra physalodes Waimea District, land of Makaweli, in old Russian Fort PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Ishakawa, S. 5685 Kauai US 2/25/1976
11 Nicandra physalodes kau district, fallow sugar cane field by kau sugar mill. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & s. ishikawa 5516 Hawaii US 10/21/1975
12 Nicandra physalodes makawao district, near kahului airport, toward kanaha beach park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN w. l. wagner, c. imada & w. n. takeuchi 5779 Maui US 3/3/1988
13 Nicandra physalodes kekaha, kokee rd, about 1 mile from kekaha school. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN n. tangalin 1393 Kauai US 6/1/2007
14 Nicandra physalodes Waimea District, Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park, Waimea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. W.; Gustafson, R.; Wilson, K.; Warthen, K. 3289 Kauai US 3/7/1989
15 Nicandra physalodes naiwa, along rd. to kaluaapuhi fishpond just before its junction with hwy. 46 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & g. spence 5707 Kauai US 3/8/1976
16 Nicandra physalodes Kau District, fallow sugar cane field by Kau Sugar Mill. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Ishikawa, S. 5516 Hawaii US 10/21/1975
17 Nicandra physalodes Honolulu District, Koko Head, Ihiihilauakea Crater PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Bruegmann, M. M. 170 Oahu US 2/3/1985
18 Nicandra physalodes makua valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN bryan jr., e.h. Oahu BISH 1/17/1932
19 Nicandra physalodes Kaimuki roadside PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 2495 Oahu BISH 2/3/1928
20 Nicandra physalodes ewa beach; chun's pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN woolford, h.a. Oahu BISH
21 Nicandra physalodes Waimea District, land of Makaweli; weed in old Russian Fort PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5685 Kauai BISH 2/25/1976
22 Nicandra physalodes Koloa Distr., Kalaheo, along Niho Road secondary vegetation with Leucaena PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lorence, D.H. 7362 Kauai BISH 2/21/1993
23 Nicandra physalodes w maui, s of napili honokowai, s side of kahana stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN annable, c.r. oppenheimer, h. collector number: 3917 Oahu BISH 2/16/1999
24 Nicandra physalodes koko head, near seashore PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hosaka, e.y. collector number: 160 Oahu BISH 2/28/1930
25 Nicandra physalodes near nanakuli PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 7403 Kauai BISH 12/1/1925
26 Nicandra physalodes kealia trail, waianae ridge, above mokulea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN rockafellow, r. Oahu BISH 11/11/1956
27 Nicandra physalodes Lawai Valley. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Along roadsides in valley. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Derral Herbst 2292 Kauai PTBG 1/3/1972
28 Nicandra physalodes Waianae Mts., at Palehua Road PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Krajina, V.J. 611029066 Oahu BISH 10/29/1961
29 Nicandra physalodes Koko Head, near seashore PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E.Y. 160 Oahu BISH 2/28/1930
30 Nicandra physalodes wailuku PRESERVED_SPECIMEN rock, j.f.c. collector number: 870 Maui BISH 8/8/1909
31 Nicandra physalodes hawaii national park. volcano house garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fagerlund, g.o. mitchell, a.l. collector number: 222 Hawaii BISH 12/1/1942
32 Nicandra physalodes parker ranch, puu kapu old grass experimental plot PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ewart iii, g.r. collector number: 264 Hawaii BISH 5/30/1932
33 Nicandra physalodes naiwa, along road to kaluaapuhi fishpond just before its junction with highway 46 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. spence, g. collector number: 5707 Molokai BISH 3/8/1976
34 Nicandra physalodes waianae mts., at palehua road talus bank PRESERVED_SPECIMEN krajina, v.j. collector number: 611029066 Oahu BISH 10/29/1961
35 Nicandra physalodes Kamuela, growing with Sida rhombifolia and Oenothera laciniata. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Davis, J. Collector Number: 512 Hawaii BISH 6/14/1981
36 Nicandra physalodes Waianae Mts., along gulch at mouth of Ekahanui Gulch Weed of pineapple field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5274 Oahu BISH 8/8/1975
37 Nicandra physalodes manoa valley; fields PRESERVED_SPECIMEN sideris, j. Oahu BISH 1/9/1932
38 Nicandra physalodes Honolulu, Manoa Valley arid cane field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. H201 Oahu BISH 9/27/1922
39 Nicandra physalodes kekaha, kokee rd, about 1 mile from kekaha school Naturalizing on side of Rd under large Pithecellobium saman trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN tangalin, n. collector number: 1393 Kauai BISH 6/1/2007
40 Nicandra physalodes Kekaha, Kokee Rd, about 1 mile from Kekaha School Naturalizing on side of Rd under large Pithecellobium saman trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tangalin, N. 1393 Kauai BISH 6/1/2007
41 Nicandra physalodes Hawaii National Park. Volcano House garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fagerlund, G.O. 222 Hawaii BISH 12/1/1942
42 Nicandra physalodes Maunalei Gulch dry slope, talus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Perlman, S. Collector Number: H50807 Lanai BISH 5/29/2008
43 Nicandra physalodes Ewa Beach; Chun's Pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Woolford, H.A. s.n. Oahu BISH
44 Nicandra physalodes Kamuela, growing with Sida rhombifolia and Oenothera laciniata. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Davis, J. 512 Hawaii BISH 6/14/1981
45 Nicandra physalodes Moanalua PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forbes, C.N. 1206 Oahu BISH 3/18/1909
46 Nicandra physalodes Diamond Head. Kapiolani Park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Munro, G.C. 62 Oahu BISH 5/13/1950
47 Nicandra physalodes waianae mts., along gulch at mouth of ekahanui gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5274 Oahu BISH 8/8/1975
48 Nicandra physalodes Maunalei Gulch dry slope, talus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H50807 Lanai BISH 5/29/2008
49 Nicandra physalodes honolulu, manoa valley Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest with Alphitonia, Pouteria, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Claoxylon, Mysine laniensis, Wikstroemia furcata, Dodonaea, Kadua affinis, Melicope ovata, M. anisata, M. barbigera, Dracaena aurea, Plyscias kavaien.Psychotri PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: h201 Kauai BISH 9/27/1922
50 Nicandra physalodes Honolulu District: Koko Head, Ihiihilauakea Crater PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Bruegmann, M.M. 170 Oahu BISH 2/3/1985
51 Nicandra physalodes Manoa Valley; fields PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Sideris, J. s.n. Oahu BISH 1/9/1932
52 Nicandra physalodes maunalei gulch dry slope, talus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. perlman, s. collector number: h50807 Lanai BISH 5/29/2008
53 Nicandra physalodes Near Nanakuli roadside in dry region PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 7403 Oahu BISH 12/1/1925
54 Nicandra physalodes Pohakupuna Rd PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Woolford, H.A. s.n. Oahu BISH
55 Nicandra physalodes moanalua PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, c.n. collector number: 1206 Oahu BISH 3/18/1909
56 Nicandra physalodes kaimuki, honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN topping, d.l. collector number: 2993 Oahu BISH 1/21/1925
57 Nicandra physalodes Maunalei Gulch Disturbed area next to pineapple field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN C. R. Annable 3917 Lanai HAPI 2/16/1999
58 Nicandra physalodes waipio peninsula; waipio, pouhala marsh between kapakahi & waikele streams gravestones PRESERVED_SPECIMEN imada, c.t. nishida, g. collector number: 96-12 Kauai BISH 12/18/1996
59 Nicandra physalodes diamond head. kapiolani park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN munro, g.c. collector number: 62 Oahu BISH 5/13/1950
60 Nicandra physalodes makakilo gulch Growing together with Kiawe and mixed grasses PRESERVED_SPECIMEN leu, m. collector number: 66 Oahu BISH 12/4/1987
61 Nicandra physalodes makawao district, near kahului airport, toward kanaha beach park disturbed grasslands PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. imada, c.; takeuchi, w. collector number: 5779 Maui BISH 3/3/1988
62 Nicandra physalodes Honolulu, Kaimuki PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Topping, D.L. 2993 Oahu BISH 1/21/1925
63 Nicandra physalodes Kau District. Kau Sugar Mill fallow sugar cane field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5516 Hawaii BISH 10/21/1975
64 Nicandra physalodes Kaimuki, Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Topping, D.L. 2993 Oahu BISH 1/21/1925
65 Nicandra physalodes near sprecklesville, roadside, near sea level PRESERVED_SPECIMEN neal, m.c. Maui BISH 2/23/1930
66 Nicandra physalodes kaimuki roadside PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 2495 Oahu BISH 2/3/1928
67 Nicandra physalodes Waialua. Waste ground by Crozier Drive at Puuiki Street PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Mäkinen, L. 65-381 Oahu BISH 12/12/1965
68 Nicandra physalodes moanalua valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, c.n. Oahu BISH 3/18/1909
69 Nicandra physalodes Kealia trail, Waianae ridge, above Mokulea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rockafellow, R. s.n. Oahu BISH 11/11/1956
70 Nicandra physalodes W Maui, S of Napili Honokowai, S side of Kahana Stream Disturbed area next to pineapple field. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Annable, C.R. Oppenheimer, H. Collector Number: 3917 Maui BISH 2/16/1999
71 Nicandra physalodes Waipio Peninsula; Waipio, Pouhala Marsh between Kapakahi & Waikele Streams Occasional herb on wasteland slope on northern border of wetland. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. 96-12 Oahu BISH 12/18/1996
72 Nicandra physalodes Naiwa, along road to Kaluaapuhi Fishpond just before its junction with Highway 46 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5707 Molokai BISH 3/8/1976
73 Nicandra physalodes Makawao District, near Kahului Airport, toward Kanaha Beach Park disturbed grasslands PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 5779 Maui BISH 3/3/1988
74 Nicandra physalodes ahihi-kinau natural area reserve, makena-keoneoio road Metrosideros, ferns, Labordia degeneri, Diplazium sandwichianum PRESERVED_SPECIMEN abbott, i.a. norris, f.m. collector number: 91.63 Kauai BISH 3/6/1991
75 Nicandra physalodes Makua Valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Bryan Jr., E.H. s.n. Oahu BISH 1/17/1932
76 Nicandra physalodes Parker Ranch, Puu Kapu old grass experimental plot PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ewart III, G.R. 264 Hawaii BISH 5/30/1932
77 Nicandra physalodes kamuela, growing with Sida rhombifolia and Oenothera laciniata. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN davis, j. collector number: 512 Hawaii BISH 6/14/1981
78 Nicandra physalodes honolulu district: koko head, ihiihilauakea crater PRESERVED_SPECIMEN bruegmann, m.m. collector number: 170 Oahu BISH 2/3/1985
79 Nicandra physalodes Waialua, near LDS church silty loam PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Afualo, D. 57 Oahu BISH 3/16/1975
80 Nicandra physalodes koloa distr., kalaheo, along niho road secondary vegetation with Leucaena PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lorence, d.h. collector number: 7362 Kauai BISH 2/21/1993
81 Nicandra physalodes Makakilo Gulch Growing together with Kiawe and mixed grasses PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Leu, M. 66 Oahu BISH 12/4/1987
82 Nicandra physalodes W Maui, S of Napili Honokowai, S side of Kahana Stream Disturbed area next to pineapple field. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Annable, C.R. 3917 Maui BISH 2/16/1999
83 Nicandra physalodes waialua, near lds church open, ridge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN afualo, d. collector number: 57 Kauai BISH 3/16/1975
84 Nicandra physalodes waimea district, land of makaweli; weed in old russian fort PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5685 Kauai BISH 2/25/1976
85 Nicandra physalodes waimea district, russian fort elizabeth state historical park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. gustafson, r.; wilson, k.; warthen, k. collector number: 3289 Oahu BISH 3/7/1989
86 Nicandra physalodes Ahihi-Kinau Natural Area Reserve, Makena-Keoneoio road Pockets of vegetation in a'a lava and at roadside. Occasional along the roadside. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Abbott, I.A. 91.63 Maui BISH 3/6/1991
87 Nicandra physalodes KAUAI: Waimea District. Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park, Waimea. Secondary vegetation throughout park site and especially along western side of site. With Eragrostis and Panicum maximum. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 3289 Kauai PTBG 3/7/1989
88 Nicandra physalodes kau district. kau sugar mill fallow sugar cane field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5516 Hawaii BISH 10/21/1975
89 Nicandra physalodes Waimea District, Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park secondary vegetation throughout park site and especially along western side of site. With Eragrostis spp. and Panicum maximum PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 3289 Kauai BISH 3/7/1989
90 Nicandra physalodes Wailuku PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rock, J.F.C. 870 Maui BISH 8/1/1909
91 Nicandra physalodes waialua. waste ground by crozier drive at puuiki street PRESERVED_SPECIMEN mäkinen, l. mäkinen, y. collector number: 65-381 Hawaii BISH 12/12/1965
92 Nicandra physalodes Near Sprecklesville, roadside, near sea level PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Neal, M.C. s.n. Maui BISH 2/23/1930
93 Nicandra physalodes maui. west maui, s of napili honokowai, s side of kahana stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. r. annable 3917 MO 2/16/1999
94 Nicandra physalodes hanapepe and wahiawa watershed, ridge west of hte hanapape river PRESERVED_SPECIMEN urbain jean faurie; b.1847; d.1915; faurie 1082 NHMUK
95 Nicandra physalodes Maui. West Maui, S of Napili Honokowai, S side of Kahana Stream Disturbed area next to pineapple field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN C. R. Annable 3917 NY 2/16/1999
96 Nicandra physalodes KAUAI: Koloa Distr., Kalaheo, along Niho Road, secondary vegetation, elevation 130 m. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN David H. Lorence 7362 Kauai PTBG 2/21/1993
97 Nicandra physalodes Public Hunting Area #1, above Waimea and Panini Heights. Along overflow stream from Kekaha Ditch. Secondary vegetation. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 1054 Kauai PTBG 4/1/1985
98 Nicandra physalodes Honolulu. Manoa Valley. Woodlawn Drive. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN W. M. Bush 282 Oahu PTBG 12/31/1975
99 Nicandra physalodes Kekaha, Kokee Rd, about 1 mile from Kekaha School. Naturalizing on side of Rd. under large Pithecellobium saman trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Natalia Tangalin 1393 Kauai PTBG 6/1/2007
100 Nicandra physalodes Maunalei Gulch. On dry slopes and talus. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H50807 Lanai PTBG 5/29/2008
101 Nicandra physalodes MAUI: Makawao District. Disturbed grasslands near Kahului Airport, toward Kanaha Beach Park. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN W. L. Wagner 5779 Maui PTBG 3/3/1988
102 Nicandra physalodes MAUI: W. Maui, Wailuku District, Waihe'e, growing along an unimproved road near the Waihe'e Stream bridge & Kehekili Hwy. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H110035 Maui PTBG 11/27/2000
103 Nicandra physalodes PMRF North gate entrance. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Craig Kaneshige s.n. Kauai PTBG 12/22/2008
104 Nicandra physalodes Waianae Mts., at Palehua Road. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN V. J. Krajina 611029066 Oahu PTBG 10/29/1961
105 Nicandra physalodes PRESERVED_SPECIMEN w. b. hillebrand 384 Hawaii US
106 Nicandra physalodes Honaunau PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hitchcock, A. S. 14550 Hawaii US 9/3/2016
107 Nicandra physalodes Kekaha, Kokee Rd, about 1 mile from Kekaha School. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tangalin, N. 1393 Kauai US 6/1/2007
108 Nicandra physalodes Naiwa, along rd. to Kaluaapuhi Fishpond just before its junction with hwy. 46 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Spence, G. 5707 Molokai US 3/8/1976
Back to Top